An LCR Circuit's Phase

Q. A sinusoidal voltage of peak value 283 V and frequency 50 Hz is applied to a series LCR circuit in which R = 3 Ω, L = 25.48 mH and C = 796 μF. What is the phase difference between the voltage across the source and the current, in degrees? expects -53.2°

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Q. A sinusoidal voltage of peak value 283 V $v_{m} = 283$ V and frequency 50 Hz $ν = 50$ Hz is applied to a series LCR circuit in which R = 3 Ω $R = 3$ Ω, L = 25.48 mH $L = 25.48$ mH and C = 796 μF $C = 796$ μF. What is the phase difference between the voltage across the source and the current, in degrees?

The playground

Inputs

peak

v_{m}

283 V

frequency

ν

50 Hz

resistance

R

3 Ω

inductance

L

25.48 mH

capacitance

C

796 μF

Outputs

phase

φ

The solution

Solved with SeriesLcr

Given

$v_{m} = 283$ V
$ν = 50$ Hz
$R = 3$ Ω
$L = 25.48$ mH
$C = 796$ μF

Find $φ$ .

Working

$L = 25.48$ mH $= 0.02548$ H
$C = 796$ μF $= 7.96 \times 10^{−4}$ F
reactance of a capacitor(circuit) $X_{C} = \frac{1}{2 \cdot π \cdot ν \cdot C}$
$X_{C} = \frac{1}{2 \cdot 3.14159265 \cdot 50 \cdot 7.96 \times 10^{−4}}$
$X_{C} = 3.99886792$ Ω
reactance of an inductor(circuit) $X_{L} = 2 \cdot π \cdot ν \cdot L$
$X_{L} = 2 \cdot 3.14159265 \cdot 50 \cdot 0.02548$
$X_{L} = 8.00477808$ Ω
phase of the current(circuit) $φ = atan (\frac{X_{C} - X_{L}}{R})$
$φ = atan (\frac{3.99886792 - 8.00477808}{3})$
$φ = -53.17°$
$φ \approx −53.2$ °to 3 significant figures

Conclusion

The inductor's reactance outweighs the capacitor's, so the current lags the voltage, by the angle whose tangent is the net reactance over the resistance.

The Ruby

1require_relative "../physics"23question :an_lcr_circuit_s_phase do4  kind :numerical5  describes "A sinusoidal voltage of peak value %{peak} and frequency %{frequency} is applied to a series LCR " \6            "circuit in which R = %{resistance}, L = %{inductance} and C = %{capacitance}. %{phase}, in degrees?"7  given peak: "283 V"8  given frequency: "50 Hz"9  given resistance: "3 Ω"10  given inductance: "25.48 mH"11  given capacitance: "796 μF"12  asks phase: "What is the phase difference between the voltage across the source and the current"13end

1require_relative "../questions/an_lcr_circuit_s_phase"2require_relative "../science/alternating_current/series_lcr"34solve :an_lcr_circuit_s_phase, using: SeriesLcr do5  objects :circuit67  take peak: circuit.peak_voltage8  take frequency: circuit.frequency9  take resistance: circuit.resistance10  take inductance: circuit.inductance11  take capacitance: circuit.capacitance1213  phase = circuit.phase_angle14  answer phase:, in: "deg", figures: 31516  conclusion "The inductor's reactance outweighs the capacitor's, so the current lags the voltage, by the angle whose tangent is the net reactance over the resistance."17end

1require_relative "../solutions/an_lcr_circuit_s_phase"23play_with :an_lcr_circuit_s_phase do4  title "An LCR Circuit's Phase"5end

The laws

quantity	written	units	within	from
pi	$π$	—	0 … ∞	Reactance
rms voltage	$V$	V	0 … ∞	PeakAndRms
peak voltage	$v_{m}$	V	—	PeakAndRms
rms current	$I$	A	0 … ∞	PeakAndRms
peak current	$i_{m}$	A	—	PeakAndRms
frequency	$ν$	Hz	0 … ∞	Reactance
angular frequency	$ω$	rad/s	—	Reactance
inductance	$L$	H	—	Reactance
capacitance	$C$	F	0 … ∞	Reactance
inductive reactance	$X_{L}$	Ω	0 … ∞	Reactance
capacitive reactance	$X_{C}$	Ω	0 … ∞	Reactance
voltage across the inductor	$V_{L}$	V	—	Reactance
voltage across the capacitor	$V_{C}$	V	—	Reactance
resistance	$R$	Ω	0 … ∞	SeriesLcr
impedance	$Z$	Ω	0 … 1e+09	SeriesLcr
power drawn	$P$	W	—	SeriesLcr
resonant frequency	$ν_{r}$	Hz	—	SeriesLcr
phase angle	$φ$	—	-3.142 … 3.142	SeriesLcr
resonant angular frequency	$ω_{r}$	rad/s	—	SeriesLcr
peak voltage of ground	$v_{m,g}$	V	—
rms voltage of ground	$V_{g}$	V	0 … ∞
peak voltage of circuit	$v_{m}$	V	—
rms voltage of circuit	$V$	V	0 … ∞
peak current of ground	$i_{m,g}$	A	—
rms current of ground	$I_{g}$	A	0 … ∞
peak current of circuit	$i_{m}$	A	—
rms current of circuit	$I$	A	0 … ∞
angular frequency of ground	$ω_{g}$	rad/s	—
frequency of ground	$ν_{g}$	Hz	0 … ∞
angular frequency of circuit	$ω$	rad/s	—
frequency of circuit	$ν$	Hz	0 … ∞
inductive reactance of ground	$X_{L,g}$	Ω	0 … ∞
inductance of ground	$L_{g}$	H	—
inductive reactance of circuit	$X_{L}$	Ω	0 … ∞
inductance of circuit	$L$	H	—
capacitive reactance of ground	$X_{C,g}$	Ω	0 … ∞
capacitance of ground	$C_{g}$	F	0 … ∞
capacitive reactance of circuit	$X_{C}$	Ω	0 … ∞
capacitance of circuit	$C$	F	0 … ∞
voltage across the inductor of ground	$V_{L,g}$	V	—
voltage across the inductor of circuit	$V_{L}$	V	—
voltage across the capacitor of ground	$V_{C,g}$	V	—
voltage across the capacitor of circuit	$V_{C}$	V	—
impedance of ground	$Z_{g}$	Ω	0 … 1e+09
resistance of ground	$R_{g}$	Ω	0 … ∞
impedance of circuit	$Z$	Ω	0 … 1e+09
resistance of circuit	$R$	Ω	0 … ∞
power drawn of ground	$P_{g}$	W	—
power drawn of circuit	$P$	W	—
phase angle of ground	$φ_{g}$	—	-3.142 … 3.142
phase angle of circuit	$φ$	—	-3.142 … 3.142
resonant frequency of ground	$ν_{r,g}$	Hz	—
resonant frequency of circuit	$ν_{r}$	Hz	—
resonant angular frequency of ground	$ω_{r,g}$	rad/s	—
resonant angular frequency of circuit	$ω_{r}$	rad/s	—

v_{m,c} = \sqrt{2} \cdot V_{c}

peak is root two times rms

i_{m,c} = \sqrt{2} \cdot I_{c}

peak current is root two times rms

ω_{c} = 2 \cdot π \cdot ν_{c}

angular frequency and frequency

X_{L,c} = 2 \cdot π \cdot ν_{c} \cdot L_{c}

reactance of an inductor

X_{C,c} = \frac{1}{2 \cdot π \cdot ν_{c} \cdot C_{c}}

reactance of a capacitor

V_{L,c} = I_{c} \cdot X_{L,c}

current through the inductor

V_{C,c} = I_{c} \cdot X_{C,c}

current through the capacitor

{Z_{c}}^{2} = {R_{c}}^{2} + {(X_{L,c} - X_{C,c})}^{2}

impedance of a series circuit

V_{c} = I_{c} \cdot Z_{c}

current through the impedance

P_{c} = {I_{c}}^{2} \cdot R_{c}

power spent in the resistance

φ_{c} = atan (\frac{X_{C,c} - X_{L,c}}{R_{c}})

phase of the current

ν_{r,c} = \frac{1}{2 \cdot π \cdot \sqrt{L_{c} \cdot C_{c}}}

resonance of a series circuit

ω_{r,c} = 2 \cdot π \cdot ν_{r,c}

resonance in radians a second

v_{m,g} = \sqrt{2} \cdot V_{g}

peak is root two times rms(ground)

v_{m} = \sqrt{2} \cdot V

peak is root two times rms(circuit)

i_{m,g} = \sqrt{2} \cdot I_{g}

peak current is root two times rms(ground)

i_{m} = \sqrt{2} \cdot I

peak current is root two times rms(circuit)

ω_{g} = 2 \cdot π \cdot ν_{g}

angular frequency and frequency(ground)

ω = 2 \cdot π \cdot ν

angular frequency and frequency(circuit)

X_{L,g} = 2 \cdot π \cdot ν_{g} \cdot L_{g}

reactance of an inductor(ground)

X_{L} = 2 \cdot π \cdot ν \cdot L

reactance of an inductor(circuit)

X_{C,g} = \frac{1}{2 \cdot π \cdot ν_{g} \cdot C_{g}}

reactance of a capacitor(ground)

X_{C} = \frac{1}{2 \cdot π \cdot ν \cdot C}

reactance of a capacitor(circuit)

V_{L,g} = I_{g} \cdot X_{L,g}

current through the inductor(ground)

V_{L} = I \cdot X_{L}

current through the inductor(circuit)

V_{C,g} = I_{g} \cdot X_{C,g}

current through the capacitor(ground)

V_{C} = I \cdot X_{C}

current through the capacitor(circuit)

{Z_{g}}^{2} = {R_{g}}^{2} + {(X_{L,g} - X_{C,g})}^{2}

impedance of a series circuit(ground)

Z^{2} = R^{2} + {(X_{L} - X_{C})}^{2}

impedance of a series circuit(circuit)

V_{g} = I_{g} \cdot Z_{g}

current through the impedance(ground)

V = I \cdot Z

current through the impedance(circuit)

P_{g} = {I_{g}}^{2} \cdot R_{g}

power spent in the resistance(ground)

P = I^{2} \cdot R

power spent in the resistance(circuit)

φ_{g} = atan (\frac{X_{C,g} - X_{L,g}}{R_{g}})

phase of the current(ground)

φ = atan (\frac{X_{C} - X_{L}}{R})

phase of the current(circuit)

ν_{r,g} = \frac{1}{2 \cdot π \cdot \sqrt{L_{g} \cdot C_{g}}}

resonance of a series circuit(ground)

ν_{r} = \frac{1}{2 \cdot π \cdot \sqrt{L \cdot C}}

resonance of a series circuit(circuit)

ω_{r,g} = 2 \cdot π \cdot ν_{r,g}

resonance in radians a second(ground)

ω_{r} = 2 \cdot π \cdot ν_{r}

resonance in radians a second(circuit)